Tag: Compliance

April 2017 Meeting: Lobbying vs. Advocacy: Massachusetts and Federal requirements

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Dan O’Brien, Esq. and Karen Kent, CPA, gave a presentation about issues involved
with lobbying and advocacy by non-profit agencies in Massachusetts. Dan O’Brien,
Esq., is Vice President with The Brennan Group and has over twenty-five years of
public affairs experience in Massachusetts, including significant lobbying and lobbying
consulting experience. Dan has worked on a wide variety of issues in the areas of
higher education, financial services, and real estate and on behalf of Fortune 500
companies. He also served as a government relations professional in the Executive
Office of the Massachusetts Water Resource Authority for three years. Karen
Kent, CPA, is a Principal and a member of the Firm’s Executive Committee. Her
accounting and management consulting practice encompasses numerous clients in the
non-profit and real estate industries.  She also specializes in compliance-driven audits
and process implementation.

Some of the topics that they discussed are as follows: In this day and age — what do you
need to know about advocacy vs. lobbying to protect your organization’s 501(c)3
status?  Massachusetts vs. Federal rules reporting?    501(h) election vs. insubstantial
reporting on the 990? Tracking and reporting your staff, volunteers and organization’s
time costs? Do you, your staff, volunteers and consultants know how to manage your
advocacy to keep it separate from your lobbying efforts and stay within required limits?
The rules can be murky and the implementation of processes to manage, track, and
report your data can be messy.

First, it is important to define what acts constitutes lobbying and who is a lobbyist. On
the Federal level, a lobbyist is any individual who is either employed or retained by a
client for financial or other compensation, whose services include more than one
lobbying contract, and whose lobbying activates constitute 20 percent or more of his/her
time in services for that client over any 3-month period. Covered Federal officials
include members of Congress and their employees, committees, etc. and members of
the Executive branch. In Massachusetts, legislative lobbying is an act to influence
legislation including strategizing, planning, and research performed in connection to this
effort, and Executive lobbying is any act to influence the decision of any officer or
employee of the executive branch of the State. To be a lobbyist in legal terms, you
have to be compensated and you need to have direct contact with the official you are
trying to influence. Advocacy means speaking generally about an issues, but lobbying
involves try to advance specific legislation. If you have two or more communications
about an issue and meet the other thresholds (being compensated, etc.), then you need
to register as a lobbyist. If you write up a position paper for general education, then that
is not lobbying. If that activity is directed at advancing specific legislation, then it is
lobbying. If you or your organization belongs to an association or trade group that
lobbies, that does not make you a lobbyist.

If your agency directly hires a lobbyist, then both your agency and the lobbyist have to
register with the State or Federal government. There are hours worked and compensation
received thresholds which trigger the requirement to register as a lobbyist. The standards
are different for the State of Massachusetts and for the IRS. According to the IRS, there
are 2 types of lobbying: direct lobbying and grassroots lobbying. Direct lobbying is direct
communication concerning official action or legislation. Grassroots lobbying involves
asking the broader public to support certain causes or legislation. Reporting lobbying
activities to the IRS is not an easy task. You need to list exactly all of the costs
associated with the lobbying activities. There are different regulations for direct
lobbying and for grassroots lobbying. Check with the Secretary of State for the
Commonwealth, the Secretary of the State Senate, or the Office of the Clerk for the
U.S.House of Representatives for further information and clarification.

February 2017 Meeting: Meet the Massachusetts Attorney General’s Public Charities Division

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Meet the Massachusetts Attorney General’s Public Charities Division

Is the sum total of your relationship with the Attorney General’s office the annual filing of the Form PC? Members of the AG’s Nonprofit Organizations/ Public Charities Division came to speak about the regulation of the nonprofit sector, their priorities to support a vibrant nonprofit sector, and how they hope to work with you, as nonprofit leaders, to prevent misuse of charitable funds and protect nonprofits and their donors from fraud and loss.

Assistant Attorneys General Courtney Aladro and Emily Gabrault, members of the AG’s Nonprofit Organizations/ Public Charities Division, gave a presentation about the regulation of the nonprofit sector, their priorities to support a vibrant nonprofit sector, and how they hope to work with nonprofit leaders to prevent misuse of charitable funds and protect nonprofits and their donors from fraud and loss. They spoke candidly about their work, including some real-life examples of cases their office has seen, current office priorities, and best practices for what to do when problems arise in your organization.  They discussed how to avoid common pitfalls and identify red flags to support a constructive relationship with the Division.

The AG’s Nonprofit Organizations/ Public Charities Division, which has a staff of 18 people, has as its major purpose to regulate the nonprofit sector, enforce regulations, and to provide a resource for the sector. In total, the Division oversees approximately 27,000 public charities in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The government regulations governing companies (nonprofit and for profits) are constantly changing: DOL regulations, the definition of exempt and nonexempt, IRS requirements, reporting requirements, etc. In addition, the political climate has changed drastically since the last election, so the AG’s office has started a hate crime hotline, which has received a lot of calls recently.

One area that the AG’s office examines is the whether the Board of Directors for a public charity performs its fiduciary duties in a responsible manner. Fiduciary duties include the following: sound fiscal policy; legal and regulatory compliance; sound policies and procedures; oversight of management; Board self-assessment; and safeguarding assets. Board members and management have a duty of loyalty including policies against conflicts of interest and personal financial gain from corporate decisions. Some of the common problems that the AG’s office has dealt with public charities are: “founders syndrome” where the charismatic, visionary, committed founders has become autocratic, distracted, weak, and too comfortable with a controllable Board; conflicts of interest in the Board and management; and a lack of structure and sound corporate processes, especially when it relates to checks and balances and separation of duties. Courtney and Emily reviewed the Fraud Triangle with the 3 points of the triangle being: motivation, rationalization, and opportunity.

How do issues involving public charities come to the attention of the AG’s office? Sometimes a Board member contacts the AG, sometimes issues are raised by other government agencies, sometimes from a consumer. The main goal of the Public Charities Division of the AG’s Office is not to penalize or punish an agency, but to assist the agency in correcting the problem and adopting preventive measures and sound policies. The AG can seek restitution and can assess penalties for various violations and can issue injunctive relief to prevent a “bad actor” from continuing in his/her nonprofit role. Courtney and Emily gave several examples of the types of issues the Division deals with. Example one involved a husband and wife team operating a nonprofit where the lines between personal and business activities became blurred. Example two involved a charity which purchased health insurance from a Board member who worked for the insurance company. Example number three involves a lack of segregation of duties, which led to fraud. A civil case is often easier to prosecute than a criminal case. Example four involved an agency who received a funding cut and as a result, cut back on its operational functions such as paying its employees and paying its debts in order to keep operating. In that case the agency has to maintain its operational functions as well as to continue to fulfill its mission. The agency should monitor its expenses and keep ahead of any potential funding issues. The AG’s office lists the best practices for a public charity as the following: have an independent Board; adopt sound documented policies and procedures; adopt good governance procedures; adopt solid disclosure, evaluation, discussion, and documentation procedures; and major decisions should be made by the independent Board.

A question was asked about changing the purpose of a restricted fund when the funder is no longer available. You can go to the AG’s office to try to get that resolved. You cannot borrow from restricted funds or an endowment fund to temporarily fund cash flow shortfalls. Courtney and Emily said that the enforcement priorities for the next year will be to curtail foundation self- dealing and to better monitor how organizations solicit donations.

 

January 2017 Meeting: Best Practices and What’s New with Procurement Compliance

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Best Practices and What’s New with Procurement Compliance

The focal point of the presentation was new procurement requirements for organizations receiving federal grants. Explanation of the standards anchored a broader discussion of best practices for procurement.

The Uniform Guidance (“UG”) containing procurement and contract standards is under Title 2 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 200: “Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards.” (See Subpart D and Appendix II)

See also: Federal Register – notice regarding the final guidance, 12/26/13

The UG sets forth revised guidelines for the procurement of goods, services, and property using federal funds. The standards apply only to direct expense charged to federal awards, not to procurements allocated to a grant as part of indirect costs. The revision primarily affects grantees that are subject to A-110, namely, educational institutions and nonprofits.

One change is semantic: Under the new guidance, “must” signifies a requirement, whereas “should” (which formerly marked a requirement) now indicates a recommendation.

Major provisions and changes were highlighted:

  • New provision covering conflicts of interest with parent, affiliate or subsidiary organizations
  • Requirement for more detailed record-keeping around procurement (which may be construed as a nudge toward digital records; doing this on paper will likely prove onerous)
  • Focus on adequate competition for contracts
  • A new framework for cost and price evaluation, and new thresholds for mandated methods of procurement
  • Provisions for small and minority-owned businesses
  • Standards for contracts involving pass-through entities

Grantees were given a two-year grace period to implement the guidance on procurement, and the expiration of the grace period depends on your fiscal year. For December 31 year-ends, the grace period ended 12/31/16, and the standards should have been implemented by 1/1/17. If you have a June 30 fiscal year end, you need to implement the standards fully by 7/1/17. If you relied on the grace period, you should have documentation on file that your policy-making body (e.g., your board) elected to do so – it does not need to be submitted, just recorded.

If you receive federal grants, your written policy must comply with the guidance as of the deadline, and from that point on, you need to document compliance with your policy.

When procuring property or services with federal funds, states must follow the same policies they use for procurement with non-federal funds. Nonprofits using federal funds – including those receiving federal funds through the state – need to adhere to the new UG.

Under the new standards, there is an emphasis on adopting well-documented procedures that conform to the guidance, and maintaining oversight to ensure actual compliance with contracts and purchase orders. As part of an overall orientation toward cost containment, the guidance mandates avoidance of superfluous or redundant purchases. In addition, the conflict of interest provisions were strengthened and extended to related organizations, and the standards mandate disciplinary action when procurement standards are flouted or neglected.

The standards encourage the use of federal surplus property in place of new purchases. Also, grant recipients are asked to make use of value engineering clauses in major construction projects. Time and material contracts are acceptable only if other types of contracts are not suitable, and if used, require closer oversight. The overarching theme is cost containment.

The new standards reflect an effort to eliminate favoritism, and to ensure full and open competition. For example, if a contractor is involved in drafting standards or specifications for a contract, they are barred from competing for that contract. In general, organizations need to keep detailed records of the procurement process, including why a method was chosen, what drove particular decisions, and how costs were negotiated. Practices that unnecessarily restrict competition are to be avoided. Geographical preferences cannot be applied, except where mandated by federal standards, such as with architects and engineers who need local expertise. If you use prequalified lists of vendors or suppliers, the lists should include enough options to ensure competition, and should be reviewed regularly.

As a general rule, the scale of procurement dictates the method used. Note that the threshold applies to the aggregate amount directly allocated to a federal contract, and excludes charges from the contractor or supplier that do not involve federal funding.

  • Micro-purchases (under $3K, in the aggregate)
    • Should be distributed equitably among qualified suppliers, to the extent practical
    • If the price is reasonable, these purchases do not require competitive quotes
    • Cost analysis not required
  • Small purchases ($3K-$150K)
    • Must document that quotations were gotten from an “adequate number” of sources, which should be defined by your policy
    • Methods of obtaining quotes should be spelled out in your policy
    • Cost analysis not required
  • Sealed bids (over $150K)
    • Request for bids must be publicly advertised; must define deliverables; and must indicate when and where the bids will be opened.
    • Lowest responsible bidder wins fixed-price contract
    • Sealed bids are the preferred method for construction projects
  • Competitive proposals (over $150K)
    • RFPs must be publicized; must spell out all evaluation criteria; and must be submitted to an “adequate” number of sources, as defined in your policy.
    • Method of technical evaluation and selection must be recorded before process starts
    • Must be more than one source
    • Contract is awarded to proposal that is evaluated most advantageous; factors other than cost and price can be considered
    • Can be either fixed price or cost-reimbursement
    • Competitive proposals are used only when sealed bids are not appropriate
  • Noncompetitive proposals (sole source), regardless of size, must meet at least one of these conditions:
    • The product or service is only available from one source
    • A public exigency or emergency does not allow a competitive process
    • The federal department has approved a written request for a noncompetitive proposal
    • After multiple sources are solicited, competition is judged inadequate

There is more flexibility for purchases below the “Simplified Acquisition Threshold” of $150K. Above that level, you must record a cost or price analysis for every procurement, including modification. In the case of single bid contracts, you must negotiate profit as part of the price. Cost estimates must be reasonable, and are permitted only if allowed under the UG Cost Principle (Subpart E). Cost plus percentage and percentage of construction cost methods are not allowed.

Nonprofits must take affirmative steps to use small and minority businesses (SMB), women’s business enterprises (WBE), and labor surplus area firms.

  • Solicit qualified SMB and WBE whenever possible, and include them on any standing lists
  • Break requirements into smaller packages, to create more opportunities for participation
  • Set project schedules to encourage SMB and WBE participation
  • Tap agencies (e.g., SBA) that promote SMB and WBE businesses
  • Require the prime contractor to adopt these steps when subcontracting

Where pass-through entities are involved, the nonprofit must make technical specifications and procurement documents available to both the federal agency and the pass-through entity. If either the federal agency or the pass-through entity decides that your procurement system complies with the UG, your organization is exempt from pre-procurement review.

Best practices for procurement:

  • Familiarize yourself with the procurement requirements contained in:
  • Understand all contracts – not just federal – for your programs
  • Place procurement in the context of your organization’s culture and experience
  • Review and revise your policies in the context of the requirements flowing from all of your contracts
  • Clearly define roles and responsibilities in policy and practice
  • Train staff on the parts of the procurement process that they are involved in
  • After an implementation period, evaluate the effectiveness of your procedures
  • Ensure that your procurement policy covers all requirements discussed in this presentation in addition to other issues, such as evaluation, disputes, and claims. Some of the key policies and procedures in the context of federal standards are:
    • Conflict of Interest (§ 200.112)
    • Mandatory Disclosures (§ 200.113)
    • Financial Management (§ 200.302)
    • Internal Controls (§ 200.303)
    • Procurement Standards (§ 200.117)
    • Sub-recipient Monitoring (§ 200.331)
    • Personnel Compensation (§ 200.430)
  • Put a working system in place for documenting compliance with your procurement policy

Other resources provided at the presentation: Links to procurement resources, links to federal agency-specific requirements.

Carla McCall is co-managing partner of AAFCPAs and specializes in providing assurance, tax, and business consulting services to sophisticated nonprofit organizations and closely-held companies. Carla’s diverse client base includes health care, arts and cultural, affordable housing, manufacturing and distribution. Carla advises her clients in the specialty areas of revenue recognition, stock option plans, and government contract compliance. She has extensive experience with federal, state and other regulatory compliance requirements of nonprofit organizations.

Hui-Ting is a manager at AAFCPAs and has audit and tax experience with various types of nonprofit organizations, including community development corporations and their development projects with HUD and MHFA requirements, nursing homes, health centers, educational institutions, and social services and behavioral health agencies. She also provides audits in accordance with Uniform Guidance/Single Audit and Government Auditing Standards.

 

 

 

September 2016 Meeting: Exempt and Non-exempt Employees: Finding the Right Staffing and Compensation Strategy for your Organization

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Date: September 29, 2016

December 1, 2016, the new DOL regulations governing non-exempt employee compensation go into effect.  We first reviewed these changes last May.  We decided to dive in deeper and review how our employees should be classified as well as how well we apply the exempt duties test in each of our organizations.

How does one analyze and develop a solid staffing and compensation strategy around exempt and non-exempt employees?

The presentation began with a quick overview of FLSA overtime requirements, focusing on the 2004 regulations & the duties tests for the categories of white-collar employees exempt from overtime, namely: executive, administrative, professional, outside sales, and computer professionals. To qualify under the “professional” category, a job needs to require an advanced degree beyond a bachelor’s (such as an MD, JD, etc.), reflected in its scope and level of responsibilities. There was discussion about when a master’s degree would qualify. We were cautioned that the “administrative” exemption has been prone to misuse. To qualify for this exemption, an employee needs to exercise independent judgment and discretion with respect to “matters of significance,” such as strategy, establishing budgets, hiring & firing…. The category does not, for example, usually extend to administrative assistants. It might, however, be appropriate for a CFO or Finance Director, even one without an M.B.A.  The duties and extent of independent authority and discretion are determinative.

This was followed by a summary of the Department of Labor’s new regulations for overtime eligibility, which go into effect December 1, 2016. The most immediately obvious of the changes are higher salary thresholds for overtime exemption and the “highly compensated employee” test. To be considered for exempt status, an employee will need to draw a salary of at least $913 per week ($47,476 annually), a threshold more than double the current cutoff. In addition, the employee would need to pass the duties test–as described above–which remains unchanged. The annual salary threshold for highly compensated employees, who are automatically exempt from overtime rules, will rise to $134,004. The new rules also set forth a mechanism for the thresholds to be adjusted every three years, and include provisions for counting certain bonuses and incentive pay as part of qualifying salary.

There are two important features of the new $913 threshold. First, an employee must earn at least $913 every week, not merely on average over the course of the year. Secondly, the floor applies to the employee’s actual salary, not prorated for hours worked. Whether an employee works 20 hours a week or 40, she must earn $913/week or more to meet the new salary test.

Up to 10% of the salary counting toward the minimum can take the form of nondiscretionary bonuses, incentive pay, and commissions. To qualify, any such compensation must be paid out at least quarterly. An annual discretionary bonus, for example, would fail to qualify on two counts.

There was some discussion about the nonprofit exemption for organizations and individuals. It does not cover the vast majority of cases, because to apply, both the Massachusetts organizational test and federal enterprise or individual tests must be met. The individual test is quite restrictive, due to a broad interpretation of “interstate commerce.”

To comply with the new regulations, an employer might consider a number of options regarding employees who currently earn less than $913/week, including:
Raise salaries to meet or exceed the threshold
Is someone earning close to that amount already?
Are they earning bonuses or commissions that get them close?
Would they otherwise be logging a large amount of overtime hours?
Reclassify them as non-exempt, and pay time-and-a-half for overtime
Are they earning well below the threshold?
Would raising their salaries result in problematic pay compression?
Are they unlikely to log overtime?

Organizations are adapting by reclassifying employees as non-exempt, but adjusting wages so that employee’s total pay, including overtime, would stay about the same.

It was noted that non-exempt salaried employees may still be paid on a salaried rather than hourly wage basis, as long as they are paid overtime wages for any hours over 40 per week and agree to the arrangement. So an employee who works variable hours can be a salaried non-exempt employee so long as the overall salary satisfies minimum wage for all hours worked and hourly overtime would be applied when the hours worked exceeded 40. However in that case, it would be strongly advised to obtain a written agreement from the employee (such as acceptance of an offer letter) specifying that they are to be paid on a salaried basis.

Above all, these new rules are an excellent opportunity to clean house: do a thorough audit of actual current job duties and job descriptions; track hours worked; review policies on work hours, scheduling and telecommuting; etc. If you need to change your compensation structure or policies, the DOL rules will serve as a concrete starting point for communicating changes to employees.

 

Presenter: Elizabeth Levine, Esq. has significant non-profit experience and will lead a discussion of these and related issues.  Counsel in Goulston & Storr’s litigation practice, her practice focuses on proactively counseling employers with respect to personnel policies and other employment law related matters as well as defending organizations in litigation.

October 2014: What Everyone Needs to Know About the New OMB Grant Rules

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October 2014 Meeting: What Everyone Needs to Know About the New OMB Grant Rules

Anita Lichtblau, of Casner and Edwards, gave an overview of the changes in federal regulations known at the Super Circular most likely to affect our members. The Super Circular consolidates and supersedes seven federal circulars. Our members may be most familiar with the A-133 audit circular, the A-122 cost principle circular, and the A-110 grant administrative circular.

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